Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral TDM
Canadian Guidelines
- Sheehan N, Baril JG, Fortin C, et al. Ministère de la santé et des services sociaux. La pharmacométrie clinique des antirétroviraux et l’individualisation de la thérapie antirétrovirale chez les adultes et les enfants vivant avec le VIH - Guide pour les professionnels de la santé du Québec. La Direction des communications du ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux du Québec 2013. [French] Available at https://publications.msss.gouv.qc.ca/acrobat/f/documentation/2013/13-308-06W.pdf [accessed November 6th, 2013].
- Baril JG, Rouleau D, Côté P, et al. Ministère de la santé et des services sociaux. La thérapie antiretrovirale pour les adultes infectés par le VIH–Guide pour les professionnels de la santé du Québec. La Direction des communications du ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux du Québec 2010. [French] Available at https://publications.msss.gouv.qc.ca/acrobat/f/documentation/2010/10-337-02.pdf [accessed November 12th, 2013].
- Higgins N, Tseng A, Sheehan NL et al. Antiretroviral therapeutic drug monitoring in Canada: Current status and recommendations for clinical practice. CJHP 2009;62(6): 500-509. [PMID: 22478939]
Other Guidelines
- Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. Department of Health and Human Services. February 12, 2013; H15-H18. Available at http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf [accessed November 12th, 2013].
- Williams I on behalf of the BHIVA Treatment Guideline Writing Group. British HIV Association guidelines for the treatment of HIV-1-positive adults with antiretroviral therapy 2012. HIV Med 2012; 13(Suppl.2):39-40. Available at http://www.bhiva.org/guidelines.aspx [accessed November 12th, 2013].
- Asboe D on behalf of the BHIVA Guidelines Subcommittee.
British HIV Association guidelines for the routine
investigation and monitoring of adult HIV-1-infected
individuals 2011
British HIV Association guidelines for the routine investigation and monitoring of adult HIV-1-infected individuals 2011. HIV medicine 2012;13:28-29. Available at http://www.bhiva.org/guidelines.aspx [accessed November 12th, 2013]. - La Porte CJL, Back DJ, Blaschke T et al. Updated guidelines to perform therapeutic drug monitoring for antiretroviral agents. Rev Antiviral Ther 2006; 3: 4-14.
Antiretroviral TDM Review Articles
Pretorius E, Kliner H, Rosenkranz B. The role of therapeutic drug monitoring in the management of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Ther Drug Monit 2011; 33(3):265-74.[PMID: 21566505]
Caswell RJ, Phillips D, Chaponda M, et al. Utility of therapeutic drug monitoring in the management of HIV-infected pregnant women in receipt of lopinavir. Int J STD AIDS 2011;22(1):11-4. [PMID: 21364060]
Neely MN, Rakhmanina NY. Pharmacokinetic optimization of antiretroviral therapy in children and adolescents. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2011 Mar;50(3):143-89. [PMID: 21294595]
Liu X, Ma Q, Zhang F. Therapeutic drug monitoring in highly active antiretroviral therapy. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2010;9(5):743-58. [PMID: 20350281]
Kredo T, Van der Walt JS, Siegfried N et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of antiretrovirals for people with HIV. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(3):CD007268.[PMID: 19588422]
ter Heine R, Beijnen JH, Huitema AD. Bioanalytical issues in patient-friendly sampling methods for therapeutic drug monitoring: focus on antiretroviral drugs. Bioanalysis 2009;1(7):1329-38. [PMID: 21083054]
van der Lugt J, Colbers A, Burger D. Clinical pharmacology of HIV protease inhibitors in pregnancy. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2008;3(6):620-6. [PMID: 19373033]
la Porte C. Inhibitory quotient in HIV pharmacology. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2008;3(3):283-7. [PMID: 19372980]
van Luin M, Kuks PF, Burger DM. Use of therapeutic drug monitoring in HIV disease. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2008;3(3):266-71. [PMID: 19372977]
Back D, Gibbons S, Khoo S. An update on therapeutic drug monitoring for antiretroviral drugs. Ther Drug Monit 2006;28(3):468-73. [PMID: 16778736]
Justesen US. Therapeutic drug monitoring and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antiretroviral therapy. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2006;98:20-31. [PMID: 16433887]
Slish JC, Catanzaro LM, Ma Q, et al. Update on the pharmacokinetic aspects of antiretroviral agents: implications in therapeutic drug monitoring. Curr Pharm Des 2006;12(9):1129-45. [PMID : 16515491]
Fraaij PL, van Kampen JJ, Burger DM, et al. Pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected children. Clin Pharmacokinet 2005;44(9):935-56. [PMID: 16122281]
Boffito M, Acosta E, Burger D, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring and drug-drug interactions involving antiretroviral drugs. Antivir Ther 2005;10(4):469-77. [PMID: 16038472]
Boffito M, Acosta E, Burger D, et al. Current status and future prospects of therapeutic drug monitoring and applied clinical pharmacology in antiretroviral therapy. Antivir Ther 2005;10(3):375-92. [PMID : 15918329]
Slish JC, Catanzaro LM, Ma Q, et al. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring : Role for a pharmacist in multidiscplinary antiretroviral management. J Pharm Pract 2005;18(4):310-21.
Sheehan N. Le suivi thérapeutique des antirétroviraux : théories et controverses. Pharmactuel 2004; 37(1) : 21-34. Available at : http://www.pharmactuel.com/sommaires/200401pt.pdf.
Primary literature
The following articles are the principal primary studies on antiretroviral therapeutic drug monitoring.
Important: Certain studies contain important limitations in their design including limited sample size, use of suboptimal target concentrations in patients with resistant virus and poor to moderate uptake of TDM recommendations by the treating physicians.
Fletcher CV, Anderson PL, Kakuda TN et al. Concentration-controlled compared with conventional antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection. AIDS 2002; 16(4): 551-560. [PMID: 11872998]
Clevenbergh P, Garraffo R, Durant J et al. PharmAdapt: a randomized prospective study to evaluate the benefit of therapeutic monitoring of protease inhibitors: 12 week results. AIDS 2002; 16(17): 2311-2315. [PMID: 12441803]
Burger D, Hugen P, Reiss P et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of nelfinavir and indinavir in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected individuals. AIDS 2003; 17(8): 1157-1165. [PMID: 12819517]
Bossi P, Peytavin G, Ait-Mohand H et al. GENOPHAR: a randomized study of plasma drug measurements in association with genotypic resistance testing and expert advice to optimize therapy in patients failing antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med 2004;5(5):352-359. [PMID: 15369510]
Torti C, Quiros-Roldan E, Regazzi M et al. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate antiretroviral salvage therapy guided by rules-based or phenotype-driven HIV-1 genotypic drug-resistance interpretation with or without concentration-controlled intervention: the Resistance and Dosage Adapted Regimens (RADAR) study. Clin Inf Dis 2005; 40(12): 1828-1836. [PMID: 15909273]
Khoo SH, Lloyd J, Dalton M et al. Pharmacologic optimization of protease inhibitors and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (POPIN)--a randomized controlled trial of therapeutic drug monitoring and adherence support. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006; 41(4): 461-467. [PMID: 16652054]
Best BM, Goicoechea M, Witt MD, et al. A randomized controlled trial of therapeutic drug monitoring in treatment-naive and -experienced HIV-1-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 46:433–442. [PMID: 17786128]
Rodriguez-Novoa A, Morello J, Barreiro P, et al. Switch from ritonavir-boosted to unboosted atazanavir guided by therapeutic drug monitoring. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2008;24(6):821-5. [PMID: 18507524]
Duval X, Mentre F, Rey E, et al. Benefit of therapeutic drug monitoring of protease inhibitors in HIV-infected patients depends on PI used in HAART regimen -- ANRS 111 trial. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2009;23(4):491-500. [PMID: 19709326]
Albrecht M, Mukherjee AL, Tierney C, et al. A randomized clinical trial evaluating therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for protease inhibitor-based regimens in antiretroviral-experienced HIV-infected individuals: Week 48 results of the A5146 study. HIV Clin Trials 2011;12(4):201-14. [PMID: 22044856]
Schoenenberger JA, Aragones AM, Cano SM, et al. The advantages of therapeutic drug monitoring in patients receiving antiretroviral treatment and experiencing medication-related problems. Ther Drug Monit. 2013;35(1):71-7. [PMID: 23188184]